Background
Congenital heart defects (CHD) are a major cause of substantial morbidity and mortality in infants. Recent reports have identified that mutations in a few genes, including T-BOX5, NKX2.5, EVC and GATA4, are associated with CHD. The prevalence of GATA4 gene mutations in Chinese patients with sporadic CHD is unknown. Here, the authors aimed to examine Chinese patients with sporadic CHD to find out whether there is any mutation in GATA4 accounting for the etiology.
Methods
A cohort of 99 unrelated patients with sporadic CHD was included in the study, among which 93 patients had simple heart defects, such as atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), pulmonary valvar stenosis (PVS) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and 6 patients had a variety of complex heart defects. A total of 90 unrelated ethnically matched healthy individuals were recruited as controls. After amplifying the exon 3 of the GATA4 gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we purified the PCR products and conducted the sequencing reaction, analyzed the mutation of the GATA4 gene.
Results
Three inserted mutations (52, 58, 61) with base A in the exon 3 of the GATA4 gene were identified in 3 of 21 patients with PDA, but none were found in controls.
Conclusion
Our results suggest that GATA4 gene mutations may be one of etiologic causes of congenital heart defect in Chinese people. However, the mechanism by which this mutation contributes to the development of a congenital heart defect remains to be ascertained.
GATA4, congenital heart defect, gene mutation
Congenital heart defects (CHD) is the most prevalent form of developmental abnormality in newborns, with an estimated prevalence of 1%, and is the leading non-infectious cause of infant mortality, with more than 29% of neonates who die of a birth defect having a cardiovascular deformity [1]. Nevertheless, the aetiology of CHD in the majority of cases remains largely unclear. CHD is a diverse group of diseases determined by genetic and environmental factors. Therefore, screening for disease causing or susceptibility genes, identifying new genetic mutations associated with CHD and further studying the functions of CHD susceptibility genes are focused on current genetic research. Heart formation is a complex process regulated by many transcription factors. Although most of CHD cases are sporadic, there are several genes which were found to be associated with CHD, including NKX2.5, TBX5, GATA4, etc. Recent studies have identified mutations in these genes which could cause heart developmental anomalies and lead to heart disease. Mutations of NKX2.5 have been reported that might cause congenital heart diseases [2-4]. Recently, heterozygous mutations in the GATA4 zinc finger transcription factor gene have been identified in patients with CHD, such as ventricular septal defect (VSD) [5,6], atrial septal defect (ASD) [7-9], tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) [10], and so on.
The GATA4 gene is one of the genes encoding zinc- finger transcriptional factors which are vital to the cardiac development. The GATA4 protein binds the GATA motif consensus sequence to modulate the transcription of target genes. GATA4 has 442 amino acids with two transactivation domains; two zinc fingers, one at the N-terminus (NZf) and the other at the C-terminus (CZf); and a nuclear localization signal (NLS), for import into the nucleus. The CZf and the adjacent basic domain of GATA4 have dual functions in both DNA binding and nuclear localization. The amino acids 270–324 fragment within the DNA-binding domain at amino acids 216–324 has been identified as the minimal, functional NLS region for actively transporting GATA4 into the nucleus of both HeLa cells and cardiac myocytes [11].
To identify the mutations of GATA4 gene in Chinese patients with sporadic CHD, we analyzed the sequence of the transcription factor GATA4 using DNA extracted from whole peripheral blood of 99 consecutive patients diagnosed with CHD.
Study subjects
99 unrelated CHD patients (38 men, 61 women; mean age 21.5 ± 11.8, range 1 to 65 years) obtained from Department of Cardiology, Zhongda hospital & School of Clinical Medicine Southeast University, Nanjing, China and 90 healthy volunteers matched for age and gender (42 men, 48 women; mean age 22.1 ± 12.3, range 12 to 64 years) who served as control subjects were included in the study (Table1). All participants of this study were of Chinese Han nationality.
Table 1. CHD patients for the detection of NKX2.5 and GATA4 gene mutations
Phenotype |
Number of patients |
Complex forms of CHD |
6 |
Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Ostium secundum
Sinus venosus |
35
30
5 |
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
Perimembranous
Membranous
Muscular
Infrapulmonary |
24
19
3
1
1 |
Patent ductus arteriosus |
21 |
Pulmonary valvar stenosis |
13 |
Total |
99 |
The clinical features of these patients include 6 with complex forms of CHD, 35 with atrial septal defect (ASD), 24 with ventricular septal defect (VSD), 13 with pulmonary valvar stenosis (PVS), 21 with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). All patients were sporadic.
Participants were evaluated by medical history, physical examinations, chest X-ray film, twelve-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) and two-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography with colour flow Doppler. Transesophageal echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, electrophysiology study, and/or cardiac surgery had been performed in some individuals.
This study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee for human subjects. Informed consent was obtained from all adult participants and from parents or guardians of minors prior to participation in the study.
All of them were informed about procedures related to the study.
Genomic DNA extraction
Peripheral blood samples were taken from individuals. Genomic DNA was isolated from the whole blood leukocytes of participants with the DNA extraction Kit (Shanghai Qikang Biological Science and Technology Co.,Ltd.), according to the manufacturer’s protocol.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
The primer of the exon3 of GATA4 designed according to the genomic sequence and cDNA sequence of GATA4 was synthesized by Shanghai Biological Engineering Technology & Services Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The PCR products including all coding sequences and the boundary sequences of exon were 404bp. All reactions started with 2 minutes at 95°C followed by 35 cycles of 45 seconds at 95°C, 30 seconds at 60°C or 61°C, and 45 seconds at 72°C and finished with a 10-minute extension period at 72°C. DMSO (0.2 mL/20-uL reaction) was added to standard reagents for reaction 2A. Enhancer solution (PCR enhancer system, Gibco BRL) was added to standard reagents at 1X concentration for reaction 2B.
DNA sequence analysis
All the PCR products were purified by DNA gel extraction kit (Shanghai Biocolor BioScience & Technology Company (BBST)) and sequenced on ABI PRISM3700 automatic DNA sequence analyzer. Sequence alterations were examined in context of the open reading frame to determine whether the alteration would change the corresponding amino acid. All experiments were performed in duplicate, and at least three separate transfections were carried out.
Statistics
Statistical comparison of the CHD groups with control group was carried out using one-way analysis of variance and Dunnett's t test. The accepted level of significance was p < 0.05.
Three insertion mutations (52, 58, 61) with base A in the exon3 of the GATA4 gene were identified in 3 of 21 patients with PDA (Figure 1). The mutations were not detected in the controls subjects.
Figure 1. Electrophoretic analysis of PCR products of GATA4 gene in exon 3
M: DNA marker; 1,2,3: patients with PDA; 4,5: control subjects
The sequence results were shown in Figure 2, we identified three insertion mutations (52, 58, 61) with base A in the exon3 of the GATA4 gene were identified in 3 of 21 patients with PDA and the previously reported mutations were not found.
Figure 2.
A: Normal sequence in the exon 3 of GATA4
B: Three inserted mutations (52, 58, 61) with base A in the exon 3 of the GATA4
The heart is the first functional organ in the developing embryos, and the appropriate delivery of oxygen and nutrients through the circulatory system is prerequisite for embryonic growth and survival. The formation of the heart involves a precisely coordinated process of cellular differentiation and integrated multicellular morphogenesis, and even a minute perturbation of this process gives rise to congenital heart defects. The susceptibility of the heart to malformation is reflected by the high incidence of CHD (nearly 1% of live births) [12].
GATA transcription factors are a family of transcription factors characterized by the ability to bind to the consensus DNA sequence ‘GATA’. To date, 6 members of the GATA family have been identified in vertebrates, of which GATA4, GATA5 and GATA6 are expressed mainly in the developing heart and in several endodermal lineages. GATA4 is an important transcription factor for cardiac morphogenesis and development [13]. GATA4 is located on chromosome 8p23.1-p22, consists of seven exons and codes for a 442- amino-acid protein. GATA4 has two zinc-finger DNA binding motifs, and the DNA-protein interactions are adjusted as protein-protein interactions.
In this study, we identified three inserted mutations (52, 58, 61) with base A in the exon 3 of the GATA4 gene in 3 of 21 patients with PDA. Pehlivan first proposed that the haploin sufficiency of GATA4 may be involved in the etiology of the congenital heart disease observed in some patients with del (8) (p23.1) [14]. Deletion of the GATA4 gene has been found in patients with congenital cardiovascular diseases. The phenotypes of these congenital cardiovascular diseases, such as ASD, VSD, double-outlet right ventricle (DORV), complete total atrioventricular canal, pulmonary stenosis (PS), and hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) vary [15]. Garg and associates reported that the G296S mutation disrupts the DNA-binding and transactivation activity of GATA4 and destroys the synergy in transcriptional activation between GATA4 and its cofactor TBX5, resulting in heart anomalies such as pulmonary stenosis, atrioventricular septal defect, aortic regurgitation, and patent ductus arteriosus, in addition to ASD [16]. Further analysis of the GATA4 gene in congenital cardiovascular disease showed that the mutation of GATA4 causes ASD, VSD, PS, TOF, and AVSD/ECD [5-10,17,18].
It has been demonstrated that GATA4, which is expressed throughout the developing heart, is essential for heart formation, through interaction with other transcription factors including NKX2.5 [19]. The GATA4 (Gly296Ser) mutation affects a highly conserved amino acid localised between the C terminal zinc finger and the nuclear localising signal. This, in turn, not only changes the DNA binding affinity and the transactivation of downstream targets, but also disrupts the interaction between GATA4 and TBX5 [16]. This suggests that GATA4, TBX5, and NKX2.5 may form a complex required for suitable septation of the heart.
In conclusion, we report three inserted mutations (52, 58, 61) with base A in the exon 3 of the GATA4 gene, which is reported for the first time. Our findings help in developing the research of the mutation spectrum of GATA4 associated with CHD in human and expand the knowledge about the phenotype spectrum and the prevalence of GATA4 mutations among Chinese patients with sporadic CHD patients.
In summary, the identification of a new GATA4 mutation not only further supports the important role of GATA4 in congenital heart disease but also provides useful information for genetic diagnosis and counseling of CHD.
We thank Qin Chai and Xuedong Li for collecting the blood samples. We also thank the patients and the healthy controls for their invaluable contributions in this study. This study was supported by grant 200601055 from the Science and Technology Planning Project of Nanjing City, China.
Supported by grant 200601055 from the Science and Technology Planning Project of Nanjing City, China.
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